Chemical constituents of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) fruit in populations of central Alborz Mountains in Iran

Document Type : Original paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticulture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.

2 Medicinal Plants Research Centre, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran.

Abstract

Background and objectives: Hippophae rhamnoides L. known as sea buckthorn is a deciduous medicinal shrub belonging to Elaeagnaceae family. In this study, the most important chemical constituents of sea buckthornwere evaluated in wild populations of central Alborz Mountains in Iran during the growth season of 2014 and 2015. Methods: Phytochemical analysis of fruit pulp and seed oil traits was performed using different methods of chromatography such as spectrophotometry, HPLC and GC. Results: Based on the results of combined analysis of variance, significant (p≤0.01) difference ranges between populations were found in respect to fruit dry weight (21.32 to 32.03%), total phenolic compounds (20.78 to 34.60 mg/g), extractable tannin (1.99 to 5.74 mg/g), glucose (38.14 to 110.70 mg/g), total carotenoids (0.80 to 1.17 mg/g), lycopene (0.13 to 0.20 mg/g), β-carotene (0.18 to 0.26 mg/g), total flavonoids (0.98 to 2.80 mg/g), total soluble solids (TSS) (11.85 to 31.50%), vitamin C (1.47 to 8.96 mg/g), seed oil content (4.51 to 7.91%), and two major unsaturated fatty acids including linoleic acid (28.71 to 37.44%) and linolenic acid (21.52 to 28.28%). Factor analysis based on principal component analysis (PCA) revealed most important traits with the highest correlation factor such as vitamin C, carbohydrates, TSS, fruit dry weight (FDW), and tannin for the first component. Conclusion: content of vitamin C was the main variable in chemical constituents for effective detection of original wild populations of central Alborz Mountains. Accordingly, sea buckthorn populations were divided into four main clusters and groups with high diversity based on their chemical compositions.

Keywords


[3] Yang B, Kallio H. Composition and physiological effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae) lipids. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2002; 13(5): 160-167.
[4] Arimboor R, Kumar SK, Arumughan C. Simultaneous estimation of phenolic acids in sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) berries and leaves. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2008; 47(1): 31-38.
[5] Upadhyay NK, Kumar MSY, Gupta A. Antioxidant, cytoprotective and antibacterial effects of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010; 48(12): 3443-3448.
[8] Pop R, Weesepoel Y, Socaciu C, Pintea A, Vincken JP. Carotenoid composition of berries and leaves from six Romanian sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides) varieties. Food Chem. 2014; 147(1): 1-9.
[10] Suryakumar G, Gupta A. Medicinal and therapeutic potential of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L). J Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 138(2): 268-278.
[12] Dong JE, Ma XH, Wei Q, Peng SB, Zhang SC. Effects of growing location on the contents of secondary metabolites in the leaves of four selected superior clones of Eucommia ulmoides. Ind Crop Prod. 2011; 34(3): 1607-1614.
[18] Dubois M, Giles KA, Hamilton JK. Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Anal Chem. 1956; 28(3): 350-356.
[19] Zhishen J, Mengcheng T, Jianming W. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 1999; 64(4): 555-559.
[20] Lee HS. Characterization of carotenoids in juice of red navel orange (Cara cara). J Agric Food Chem. 2001; 49(5): 2563-2568.
[21] Barros L, Ferreira MJ, Queiros B, Ferreira ICFR, Baptista P. Total phenols, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopene in Portuguese wild edible mushrooms and their antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 2007; 103(2): 413-419.
[22] Ipek U, Arslan EI, Obek E, Karatas F, Erulas FA. Determination of vitamin losses and degradation kinetics during composting. Proc Biochem. 2005; 40(2): 621-624.
[23] Carvalho RH, Galvao EL, Barros JA, Conceicao MM, Sousa EM. Extraction, fatty acid profile and antioxidant activity of sesame extract (Sesamum indicum L.). Braz J Chem Eng. 2012; 29(2): 409-420.
[25] Korekar G, Dolkar P, Singh H, Srivastava RB, Stobdan T. Variability and the genotypic effect on antioxidant activity, total phenolics, carotenoids and ascorbic acid content in seventeen natural population of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) from Trans-Himalaya. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2014; 55(1): 157-162.
[26] Ercisli S, Orhan E, Ozdemir O, Sengul M. The genotypic effects in the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) berries grown in Turkey. Sci Hort. 2007; 115(1): 27-33.
[27] Zeb A. Chemical and nutritional constituents of sea buckthorn juice. Pak J Nutr. 2004; 3 (2): 99-106.
[28] Johnson EJ. The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutr Clin Care. 2002; 5(2): 56-65.
[29] Zhang W, Yan J, Duo J, Ren B, Guo J. Preliminary study of biochemical constitutions of berry of sea buckthorn growing in Shanxi province and their changing trend. Proceedings of International Symposium on sea buckthorn (H. rhamnoides L.). 1989 Oct 19-23; Xian, China.
[30] Gao X, Ohlander M, Jeppsson N, Bjork L, Trajkovski V. Changes in antioxidant effects and their relationship to phytonutrients in fruits of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) during maturation. J Agric Food Chem. 2000; 48(5): 1485-1490.
[31] Sabir SM, Ahmed SD, Lodhi N. Morphological and biochemical variation in Sea buckthorn Hippophae rhamnoides ssp. turkestanica, a multipurpose plant for fragile mountains of Pakistan. S Afr J Bot. 2003; 69(4): 587-592.
[32] Arif S, Ahmed SD, Shah AH, Hassan L, Awan SI, Hamid A, Batool F. Determination of optimum harvesting time for vitamin C, oil and mineral elements in berries sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides). Pak J Bot. 2010; 42(5): 3561-3568.
[33] Lu R. Sea buckthorn: A multipurpose plant species for fragile mountains. Katmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 1992.